Homepage
HEAVY METALS ACCUMULATION IN
ELECTRONIC TECHNICIANS IN IMO STATE
P.C. Njoku and F.C.
Ibe
Department of Chemistry Federal University of Technology, PMB 1526,
Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.
Abstract
Heavy metals (A1, As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb) accumulation in blood samples
of electronic technicians was analyzed. The blood samples were collected from
seven volunteers five of which are electronic technicians and two non-electronic
technicians that serve as the control. The serum in these blood samples were
separated with polite 300 contrifuge and extracted
with dropping pipette. The concentrations of these metals in the samples were
determined with solar AAS 969. Aluminium was detected
in all the blood samples analyzed and range between 0.4589 – 1.624mgdm-3.
The concentration was however less in the control. Arsenic concentration ranged
from 0.0008 – 0.0101mgdm-3 and was not detected in one of the
volunteers and the control samples. Cadmium ranged from 0.058 – 0.0072mgdm-3
and was also not detected in the control. Significant concentration of copper
was detected in all the sampled blood and ranged between 1.896 – 0.412mgdm-3. The lead result was between 0.0102 – 0.0051mgdm-3.
Mercury was not detected in any of the blood sampled. Analysis of variance
showed significant different (p ≤ 0.05) in the accumulation of the metals
studied between the volunteers of the electronic technicians and non electronic
volunteers. The concentration however falls below the U.S. Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit except for one of
the volunteers that was above WHO standard for copper.
Keywords: Heavy metals, accumulation,
electronic technicians, electronic waste.
CHEMICAL SPECIATION OF HEAVY METALS IN A SPIKED SOIL IN
THE VICINITY OF THE BENUE INDUSTRIAL LAYOUT AND ASSESSMENT OF UPTAKE BY MAIZE (Zea
mays L.)
R.A. Wuana1,*, F.E. Okieimen2
and D.A.T. Iorhemen1
1 Benue State University,
Department of Chemistry, P.M.B. 102119, Makurdi,
970001, Nigeria.
2 University of Benin, Department of Chemistry, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City,
Nigeria.
(Received: 30th May, 2008; Accepted: 6th October,
2008)
Abstract
A sequential chemical speciation procedure was used to predict the degree of
incorporation of Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in spiked samples of a soil collected from the vicinity
of the Benue Industrial Layout. The uptake
(bioaccumulation) of these heavy metals by maize (Zea
mays L.) was also investigated. Soil samples were
spiked by the ex – situ addition of metal solutions singly or quintuply, followed by incubation for one month.
Pseudototal (HNO3 – H2O2
extracted)
metal concentrations (mg/kg) in the parent soil were: Ni(0.08±0.02),
Cd(0.12±0.11), Zn(0.50±0.05), Cu(1.00±0.10) and Pb(1.30±0.03). In singly spiked soils,
pseudototal concentrations (mg/kg) were: Ni(435.5±0.90), Cu(500.0±0.10),
Zn(379.0±1.10), Cd(337.2±2.30) and Pb(291.0±1.90);
while in the quintuply spiked soils, corresponding
concentrations (mg/kg) were: Ni(437.5±0.50), Cu(499.8±0.30), Zn(375.9±0.80), Cd(339.2±1.50) and Pb(291.7±1.30).
Sequential extraction partitioned the metals among six operationally
defined fractions: F1(water – soluble), F2(exchangeable),
F3(carbonate – bound), F4(oxide – bound), F5(organic
matter – bound), and R(residual). The sums of the
metal fractions, [F1+ F2 + F3 + F4 +
F5 + R] (mg/kg soil) in the singly spiked soil samples were:
Ni(433.70), Cu(495.80), Zn(378.90), Cd(335.00) and Pb(288.00); while in quintuply
spiked samples these were: Ni(434.70), Cu(499.80),
Zn(375.90), Cd(339.20) and Pb(291.00),
all in mg/kg. The distribution patterns
of the metals based on the mobility factor, Mf showed
values high enough interpretive of the relatively high
lability and bioavailability of the heavy metals in surface soils. Pot
experiments using maize showed that the uptake of all heavy metals increased
linearly with time. There was reduced metal uptake in
quintuply spiked soils relative to singly spiked samples due to the
competitive interactions among the heavy metals.
Keywords:
Chemical speciation, heavy metals, spiked
soil, maize.
LEVELS AND DISTRIBUTION OF SOME HEAVY
METALS IN SOILS IN THE VICINITY OF ASHAKA CEMENT
FACTORY, GOMBE STATE NIGERIA
H.M. Maina, J.T.
Barminas and I.I. Nkafamiya
Department of Chemistry, Federal University of
Technology, Yola. Adamawa State, Nigeria
(Received: 18th January, 2008;
Accepted: 6th October, 2008)
Abstract
The levels of some heavy metals in soil
collected at the vicinity of Ashaka Cement Factory was
analysed for heavy mental using high-resolution energy dispersive x-ray
spectrophotometer integrated with computer system. Samples were obtained along
Northeast and southwest of the factory where dust deposition is expected to be
significantly high. due mainly to the effect of
seasonal westerly and easterly winds. Samples were also collected in the
non-wind directions of northwest and southeast for comparison with values
obtained in the wind directions. The mean concentration of most of the elements
was 2-10 folds greater in order of magnitude than the levels expected in
unpolluted soils. Levels reported had an abundance order of: Mn > Cu > Zn > Pb. All the metals
studied indicate significant increases in soil as one moves away from the factory along the wind directions with
highest concentrations at about 5 to 10km.
There was no significant pattern along the non-wind direction for all the
metals. There was an relatively levels of heavy metals
on top soil but decreased with depth although such pattern was less pronounced
in the non wind directions.
Key words:
Level, distribution, heavy, metal, soils,
cement.
ISOLATION AND DERIVATISATION OF GOSSYPOL
FROM COTTONSEED (Gossypium hirsutum)
AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES
O.T. Asekun
1*, S.O. Okoh 2, L.A.J.
Shittu
3 and K. Arile 3
1Department
of Chemistry, University of
Lagos, Akoka, Lagos,
Nigeria.
2Federal
Institute of Industrial
Research Oshodi (FIIRO)
Lagos, Nigeria.
3Lagos State
University College
of Medicine, Ikeja,
Lagos, Nigeria
(Received: 28th June, 2008;
Accepted: 6th October, 2008)
Abstract
Gossypol a
polyphenolic,
binaphthyl disesquiterpene
is an abundant but toxic component of cottonseed. Early interest in gossypol
centered on its toxicity, but more recently interest has developed in its
possible usefulness as a drug. Gossypol is a natural
racemic mixture, however the biological activities could be linked to the (-)-enantiomer.
Gossypol was isolated from cottonseed
with a yield of 0.65%w/w. It was derivatised into
gossypol acetate (0.53%) and methoxy gossypol (0.78%).
The three compounds were analysed with FTIR, UV and
HPLC.
The UV absorption of gossypol was found
at 276, 279, 360, 363 and 366 nm. The presence of 354 and 340 nm in the spectrum
of the tetramethoxy gossypol derivative indicates the
presence of the aldehyde group at an ortho position relative to a hydroxyl group. Detailed results of the
infrared spectral studies of gossypol and derivatives showed the presence of a
band at 1605 cm-1 attributed to the aldehyde. The wave number is lower than for
most aromatic aldehyde absorptions, due to the hydrogen bond formed with the ortho hydroxyl group. The retention time of
gossypol when analysed with HPLC was 2.48 minutes,
this is comparable to the retention time of the standard gossypol.
Gossypol and it derivatives were tested
against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus for antibacterial activities. The results reveal that
gossypol and two of its derivatives, gossypol acetate and tetramethoxy gossypol possessed significant inhibitory
activity against the tested organisms.
Keywords: Gossypium hirsutum, gossypol, gossypol acetate, dimethyl gossypol, methoxy
gossypol,
antibacterial activities.
BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF THE ROOT BARK
OF Psorospermum corymbiferum
M.F. Zubair1,a,
N.O. Olawore2 and I.A. Oladosu3
1Department
of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin
2Department
of Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola
University of Technology, Ogbomosho
3Department
of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan
(Received: 5th February, 2008;
Accepted: 21st October, 2008)
Abstract
The root-bark of
Psorospermum
corymbiferum was screened for its chemical and
antimicrobial properties. Terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, resin, sterol, carbohydrates and
glycosides were implicated. The crude methanol, n-hexane, chloroform and ethylacetate extracts had inhibitory effects on Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi,
staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus
aureus and Candida alblican. The minimum
inhibitory concentrations (mic) of the crude extracts
were determined for the various organisms. The LC50 values obtained
(> 1000) from brine shrimp cytotoxicity also indicate
that the plant extract is not toxic. The bio-active compounds identified could
have accounted for the therapeutic properties of the root bark of Psorospermum corymbiferum.
THE PREPARATION OF ALKYD BASED PAINT
USING RED EARTH AND EGGSHELL AS PIGMENTS
E. Osabohien
Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
(Received: 25th June, 2008; Accepted
28th October, 2008)
Abstract
Alkyd paint was prepared using locally
sourced red earth (RE) and eggshell (EGS) as pigment and extender pigment
respectively. The pigments were characterized in terms of moisture content, loss
on ignition, silica content and metal oxides. The paint was applied to
substrates such as wood, brick, asbestos, metal and glass. Tests such as
viscosity, pH, drying time, hardness, weathering and chemical resistances were
carried out on the paint. The paint when evaluated showed satisfactory
performances as compared with a commercial paint of similar composition.
Keywords: Alkyd paint, pigments, red earth and
eggshell
PHYSICO - CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM SLUDGE AND
RECEIVING RIVERS
S.A. Akinyele1, K.O. Ipinmoroti2, O.O. Ajayi2
and A.F. Aiyesanmi2
1Department of Science Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti
2Department of Chemistry, Federal University of
Technology Akure, Ondo State
(Received 18th August, 2008;
Accepted: 4th November, 2008)
Abstract
Oil Palm sludge from two processing
companies were collected and analysed with a view to
finding its potential and environmental impact on receiving water bodies. Water samples receiving the sludge were
collected from the upstream and down stream over a
distance of 200m at 50m interval and their physico-chemical
properties were investigated.
Results obtained show that the sludge B00 ranged between 983.73 and 1077.85mgL-1,
COD is between 1643.78 and 1741.63 mgL-1, oil and grate is
7.40 and 10.00 mgL-1, while Cr and Ni were not detected in the ash,
sodium recorded the highest value of 841.00 mgL-1
Keywords: Physico-Chemical,
Oil-palm sludge, Rivers
EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF OILS
FROM ORANGE (Citrus
sinensis),
LEMON (Citrus limon), AND LIME (Citrus aurantifolia) SEEDS
D.C. Nwokonkwo
Department of Industrial Chemistry, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki,
Nigeria
Mirinkwa@yahoo.com
(Accepted: 13th November,
2008)
Abstract
Dried known weights of orange, lemon and
lime seeds were extracted using n-hexane to give dark golden oils respectively.
The gas chromatography revealed fatty acids; a higher proportion of
linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid,
palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid,
stearic acid, myristoleic acid and
lauric acid. The infrared (IR)
showed absorption bands at 3400cm-1, 3000cm-1; 2800 –
2920cm-1, 1740cm-1, and 1430 – 1480cm-1,
significant for 0 – H bonds, C=0 bonds of carboxylic acids and
methylene groups. The UV
analysis showed absorption at wavelengths 268nm, 270nm and 286nm, indicative of
conjugated double bonds. The
physiochemical analysis revealed acid values of 2.92%, 1.20%, 1.30%; iodine
values of 112.0, 114.20 and 120.30; saponification
values of 164.38mg/KOH, 176.83mg/KOH and 174.08mg/KOH respectively.
These oils could be used as vegetable oils or industrial blends for
cosmetics, paints, plastics, pharmaceuticals and resins; the hexane – extracted
oils amounted to 40.83%, 32.96% and 39.53% for orange, lemon and lime seeds
respectively.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON ANTIOXIDATIVE
POTENTIAL OF CITRIC ACID AND METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CABBAGE STAR LEAF ON CRUDE
PALM KERNEL OIL
J.O. Arawande*
and A.S. Abitogun
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, P.M.B. 1019, Owo,
Ondo State, Nigeria
(Received: 18th August, 2008;
Accepted: 3rd December, 2008)
Abstract
The methanolic
leaf extract (MLE) of cabbage star was examined for antioxidant activity at
varying concentration (0.02 – 0.10%) on crude palm kernel oil. The result
obtained was compared with varying concentration (0.02 – 0.06%) of Citric Acid
(CA) on the same crude palm kernel oil. The antioxidant activities of the
extract and citric acid were monitored by determining the Free Fatty aid (FFA), Acid Value (AV) and Peroxide Value (PV) of the
oil samples fortnightly for a period of four months. The results indicate that
MLE of cabbage star at levels of 0.02 to 0.08% concentrations inhibit hydrolytic
rancidity more than 0.02 to 0.06% CA in crude palm kernel oil. 0.02% MLE reduces
oxidative rancidity more slightly than 0.02% CA in crude palm kernel oil
Keywords: Methanolic Leaf
Extract, Antioxidant activity, Peroxide Value, Cabbage Star and Palm kernel oil.
THE PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF SOME AFRICAN
MEDICINAL PLANTS
D. Kubmarawa1*, M.E. Khan2, M. Mtswenem3, A.
Uwemedimo4, P.G. Timi5; M. Hassan6 and R. Atiko7
1, 3, 4, 5, 6 Department of Chemistry, Federal University of
Technology, P.M.B.2076, Yola, Nigeria.
2, 7 Department of Chemistry Gombe
State University, Gombe, Nigeria.
(Received: 18th
August, 2008; Accepted: 5th December, 2008)
Abstract
Ethanol and Water
extracts from the roots, stem –bark and leaves of three indigenous plants (Butyrospemum paradoxum, Detarium microcapum and Anogeissus leiocarpus), locally
reputed for their treatment of diarrhea and dysentery were phytochemically
screened and tested for their
biological activity against
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp, and
Escherichia coli. All fractions were subjected to phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity using the
disc-diffusion method. Ethanol extract was positive for all bioactive compounds
except resin. While the water extract was negative for alkaloids. The ethanol extract was active on most of the
pathogens, but most of the microbes developed resistance against the water
extract. This confirms that Butyrospemum paradoxum, Detarium microcapum and Anogeissus leiocarpus contain
bioactive compounds of potential therapeutic and prophylactic significance and
thus could be promissory candidates for drug development and validates
their folkloric claim. Further analyses could pave way for new discovery (Drug)
as phyto-therapeutic agents against bacterial and
fungal infections
Keywords: phyto-therapeutic, medicinal plants, and
antimicrobial activity.
THE NUTRIENTS VALUE OF BREAST MILK AND
SOME INFANT FORMULAE
O. Erhinyodavwe1, R.O. Egbele1,
O. Idolor2 and U. Ugbune1
1Department of Chemistry, Delta State College of
Physical Education, Mosogar.
2 Department of Home Economics, Delta State College of Physical
Education, Mosogar.
(Accepted: 11th December,
2008)
Abstract
This analysis was actually carried out with respect to the
Require Daily Dietary Allowance (RDDA) for nutritional values for babies’
growth and development.
Breast milk sample collected was adequately analysed as well as five different brands of infant formulae
in order to evaluate their nutritive properties. The result from breast milk
shows that carbohydrate content is 49.40 - 51.64%; low ash content, ranging from
2.00-3.10%; high moisture content of 20.0-21.31%; high protein content of 19.0 -
20.1%; and low fat content, 4.54 - 5.04%. In contrast infant formulae has
carbohydrate content 49.54-67.30%, ash content, 2.00 – 3.10%; fat content, 10.00 –
28.11%; protein content, 9.27-19.16%, ash content 3.4-5. 01%,
moisture content ranging from 2.00-3.10%, protein content, 9.27-19.16% and fat
content, 10.00-28.11% for the different brands of infant formulae. The
results from these work shows that breast milk contains higher percentage of
water than infant formulae. Babies fed on breast milk will get the required
nutrients and water.
Keywords:
Nutrient Value,
Breast milk and Infant Formulae.
ANTI SICKLING POTENTIAL OF ALOE VERA
EXTRACT (II)
Agunna E. Ejele+ and Pascal C. Njoku
Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, PMB 1526,
Owerri, Nigeria
(Received: 12th September,
2008; Accepted: 11th December, 2008)
Abstract
The effect of fractionated A. vera extract on the gelling time of
human HbSS erythrocytes was investigated. The results
showed that all the A. vera
fractions inhibited sickling in vitro and increased
gelling time in a concentration-dependent manner. It was observed that the anti
sickling potential of A. vera
extracts resulted from the presence of neutral compounds whereas the ability of
the extracts to revert already sickled erythrocytes to
their normal morphology was thought to arise from presence of alkaloids and / or
other basic constituents including amino acids.
Keywords: Sickle cell disease, red blood cells,
fractionated A. vera
extracts, gelling time.
RECOVERY AND MECHANISM OF VANADIUM (V)
EXTRACTION FROM PHOSPHORIC ACID SOLUTIONS WITH TRI-N-BUTYL PHOSPHATE AND DI
(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHOSPHORIC ACID
J.O. Ojoa,*,
I.O. Ojob and O.P.
Olugbayina
a
Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 704,
Akure,
Ondo State, Nigeria.
b
Department of Chemistry, College of Education, Ikere-Ekiti,
Ekiti State, Nigeria.
(Received: 30th May, 2008;
Accepted: 12th December, 2008)
Abstract
The extraction of V(V),
VO2+, from phosphoric acid solutions with tri-n-butyl
phosphate (TBP) and di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid
(D2EHPA) has been studied. None of
the extractants was found to give a quantitative extraction but
the extractions by their mixtures were found synergistic. The study has revealed
H2PO4- as a poor counter – ion. An
increase in temperature in the range 301-321 K resulted into a general decrease
in extraction implying possibly an exothermic process.
With TBP, the extraction is thought to
involve VO2H2PO4. nTBP, while D2EHPA is believed to extract majorly polynuclear vanadium cationic species (H2PV10O28+
or HV10O25+) as MR.HR (where M = polynuclear vanadium cation
and R = deprotonated D2EHPA), and VO2+
as VO2R . HR to a minor
extent. The proposed polynuclear extraction mechanism is supported by the D2EHPA:
V stoichiometric ratio of 1:10 established by slope
analysis. Both electronic and
infrared spectra have been used to deduce the nature of the extracted complexes.
Keywords: Recovery; Mechanisms; Vanadium (V);
Extraction.
DETERMINATION OF THE SHELF–LIFE AND
EXPIRATION TIME OF AMPICILLIN IN PHARMACEUTICAL POWDER
Agunna E. Ejele1
and Nkechi V. Atasie2
1Department
of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Owerri. Imo State.
2 Chemical
Science Department, Bells University of Technology,
Ota. Ogun State
(Received: 12th September,
2008; Accepted: 11th December, 2008)
Abstract
The
shelf life and expiration time of ampicllin in
pharmaceutical powder have been determined. The concentration of ampicillin in the powder was measured as a function of time.
The results revealed that ampicillin concentration in
the powder decreased with time although its physical properties remained
constant. Data analysis showed that ampicillin in the
powder has a shelf life of 4 years and is stable within this period of time.
Keywords: Ampicillin powder,
Shelf life, Stability, Expiration date.
EVALUATION OF DRUG QUALITY
USING IODOMETRIC AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS
A.E. Ejele+,
N.U. Anyanwu and C.I. Anunuso
Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology,
Owerri
(Received: 10th October, 2008; Accepted: 12th
December, 2008)
Abstract
The concentrations of ampicillin in proprietary preparations of ampicillin capsules obtained in the open market in Owerri, Imo state of Nigeria, have been studied using the iodometric titration and UV–spectrophotometric
methods. The results showed that the ampicillin
capsules contained between 242 – 260mg of ampicillin trihydrate. Statistical analysis of the two sets of data
obtained from the different methods showed that the experimental t–value (to)
was smaller than the theoretical t–value (t.025,v).
The hypothesis was therefore accepted that the samples were not significantly
different from one another and there was no significant difference between the
two methods used in this study
Keywords: Ampicillin,
Concentration, Iodometric,
Spectrophotometric methods
SINGLE AND COMPETITIVE AQUEOUS PHASE
ADSORPTION OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM IONS ONTO RICE HUSK CARBON
R.A. Wuana1,*, F.E. Okieimen2,
S.O. Adejo1 and P.A. Mbasugh1
1 Benue State University,
Department of Chemistry, P.M.B. 102119, Makurdi,
970001, Nigeria.
2
University of Benin, Chemistry Department and Centre
for Biomaterials Research, Benin City, Nigeria.
(Received: 4th
October, 2008; Accepted: 5th January, 2009)
Abstract
Rice husks carbon was prepared and evaluated for the
single and competitive aqueous phase adsorption of hardness causing ions. The
precursor (rice husks) was ammonium chloride-activated at 30 ± 1oC
for 12h followed by carbonization at 350oC for 1h. The portion of
carbon that passed through a 300μm sieve and retained on a 90μm sieve was
characterized in terms of percent attrition, pH, bulk density,
porosity, surface area and total acidic surface groups. The attributes of the
rice husk carbon compared favourably with those of a
commercial grade carbon (Thermax). Single solute
equilibrium adsorption of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions was
satisfactorily described (but more so for Mg2+) by the single
component Langmuir, Freundlich and Tempkin isotherms. Ca2+ ion appeared to be more
quantitatively adsorbed than Mg2+during competitive adsorption.
Better correlations were, however, found between experimental and predicted
amounts adsorbed for Mg2+than Ca2+. The adsorption of both
ions obeyed pseudo-second order
kinetics and followed the intraparticle diffusion mechanism. These findings are of
importance to simple water treatment schemes that utilize the principle of
activated carbon adsorption.
Keywords:
Competitive adsorption, rice husk
carbon, isotherms, and kinetics.
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION AND
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF Raphiostylis beninensis (PLANCH) ROOT OIL
M.O. Edema*, O.
Iyekowa**, C.F. Nnadi* and K.
Eigbadon*
*Chemistry Department, University of Benin, Benin City.
E-mail:
moedema@chemsocnigeria.org
**Chemistry Department, College of Education, Ekiadolor, via Benin City
(Accepted: 15th December,
2008)
Abstract
Rapiostylis beninensis (Planch) is used
locally as a food flavor and in herbal medicine. Oil from the root of R. beninensis was extracted using pet-ether and steam
distillation. The oil with sweet
smell in dilute solution had a golden yellow colour
and an acid value of 6.73mg/g, Saponification value of
196.35mg/g, Peroxide value of 52meq/kg, percentage free fatty acid of 49.36, pH
4.5 and refractive index of 1.6457. The oil was effective against Staphylococcus
aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Aspergillus
niger,
Aspergillus
flavus and yeast.
The oil can thus be used as commercial flavour
food and tooth pastes and as possible antimicrobial agent.
Keywords: Rapiostylis beninensis, antimicrobial activity
IMPROVING THE EFFICACY OF WATER-FREE
DERMATITIS OINTMENT WITH
NIGERIAN BEEWAX
O.C. Eneh
Research Fellow I, Institute for Development Studies,
University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, P.O. Box 9060, Enugu, Nigeria, Tel.:
08033387472, E-mail:
esccha@yahoo.com
(Received: 29th November,
2008; Accepted: 8th January, 2009)
Abstract
Water-free dermatitis ointment, indicated for the prevention and
treatment of skin infections and disorders, is imported under different trade
names mainly, ‘Whitefield Ointment’, to meet its demands in Nigeria. Earlier
work prepared the ointment with some conventional body pomade raw materials,
including petroleum wax, which served as mere body and hardener. This work
investigated the effects of substituting a portion of petroleum wax for Nigerian
Beewax, which not only acted as body and hardener but also exhibited some
antibiotic properties to improve the efficacy of the ointment. The prepared
sample contained 2.1:0.5 ratio of Nigerian Beewax to petroleum wax as against 0:6
ratio. The therapeutic actions were improved by between 1.46% and 8.80%
while the therapeutic periods were shortened by between 0.5% and 65% in the
tested cases of cure of eight (8) selected body infections and disorders. It is
recommended that Nigerian Beewax substitute for a
portion of petroleum wax in the formulation of the water-free dermatitis
ointment.
Keywords: Water-free, dermatitis, ointment,
beewax
PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SEED OIL OF Parinari excelsa (SABINE)
Mary O. Edema*, Mabel Oderoha**
and E. Daro – Idollo*
*Chemistry Department, University of Benin, Benin City
**Department of Chemistry, College of Physical
Education, Mosogar, Delta State
(Accepted: 14th January, 2009)
Abstract
The seed oil from
Parinari
excelsa was extracted using ether and characterised. The yield was 13.9% w/w of the dried seed.
The refractive index of the oil was 1.467.
The Iodine value, saponification value,
percentage free fatty acid and ester value were 57.17g I2/100g, 187.998mg KOH
/g, 48.11% and 139.888mg KOH/g
respectively. The seed can be
cultivated for use of the oil as flavours in food,
soaps and drugs.
Keywords: Parinari excelsa, flavor
BASE LINE AND BACKGROUND LEVELS OF BTEX USING PASSIVE
SAMPLERS
J. M. Okuo*a,
E.G. Olumayedeb and E.E. Ukpebora
aAir Pollution Research Group,
Department of Chemistry, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
bChemistry Unit, LEMS Dept, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, P.M.B 1019, Owo.
Ondo State, Nigeria
(Received: 4th
may, 2008; Accepted: 14th January, 2009)
Abstract
Providing and reporting air quality information in a
lucid manner is essential in the effective management of air pollution. In this study, background and baseline
information on the ambient levels of benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) in Benin City,
Nigeria have been provided. Passive samplers (ORSA 5 diffusion tubes) were used
to trap BTEX in the atmosphere. Measurements were done between February and July
2007, at a height of between 1.5 - 2.0m at each of the sampling sites. (p+m)-xylene
was found to be the most enriched of all the hydrocarbon fractions with a mean
range of 15.55 - 19.65ugm-3. The mean background concentrations of
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, (p+m)-xylene and o-xylene were 0.63,
1.87, 11.68, 0.29 and 0.46ugm-3 respectively. Significant spatial
variations (P< 0.05) were observed in the hydrocarbon distribution and
combustion related emissions from vehicular exhausts, especially heavy-duty
vehicles, were identified as the main anthropogenic sources of BTEX in the
city. Negative correlation
coefficients were calculated for the sampling location. This suggests the
importance of other VOCs sources in addition to vehicular exhaust.
Keywords: Benzene, Toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and passive
sampler
IMPROVING THE FLAMMABILITY OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS: A REVIEW
L.O. Ekebafe
Department of Polymer Technology,
Auchi Polytechnic, Nigeria
(Received: 20th November,
2008; Accepted: 25th January, 2009)
Abstract
Fire is a worldwide problem
which claim lives and causes significant loss of property. The polymers form a
major part of the built environment, of the materials around us. Fire safety
thus, in part, depends upon those materials. Polymers are “enabling technology”
thus advances in numerous technologies depend upon appropriate advances in
polymers for success. This review paper is focused on improving the fire
performance of polymers through a detailed understanding of polymer degradation
chemistry. Highlighted are diverse approaches to enhancing the fire stability of
polymers taking into cognizance the environmental and health impact and the
future of the subject matter.
Keywords: fire, flame-retardants and Polymers
DISTRIBUTION OF PLANT’S ESSENTIAL MINERALS IN SOILS OF
MAKURDI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, BENUE STATE, NIGERIA
M.S. Iorungwa1*, S.G. Yiase2 and
D. Ajaga1
1Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Mkar, Mkar, Gboko, Nigeria
2Department
of Chemistry, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria
(Accepted: 26th
January, 2009)
Abstract
The concentration of plant nutrients in some soils of Makurdi
Local Government Area was assessed. Soil samples were collected from five areas
(Council Wards) namely; Agan, Fiidi,
Modern Market, Baar and Mbalagh.
Organic carbon, pH and the following nutrients were analyzed: N, P, K, Ca, Mg,
Na, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and B. The
cations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. B and P
were determined by colorimetric methods while S was determined by
gravimetry. Organic carbon was determined by the rapid dichromate
oxidation method. The range of parameters obtained
from the analysis were; K(50.00 – 140.00)mg.kg-1, Ca(0.100 – 0.220)%,
Mg(0.007 – 0.060)%, Mn(0.100 – 0.500)mg.kg-1,
Fe(ND – 7.940)mg.kg-1, Cu(ND – 0.090)mg.kg-1, Zn(ND –
0.360)mg.kg-1, B(4.57 – 6.35)mg.kg-1, S(0.0080 – 0.320)%,
P(0.180 – 0.260)%, N(0.750 – 3.080)%. The values were compared with the critical
levels separating adequacy from deficiency in maize (Zea mays) which are: 3.0%N,
0.25%P, 1.90%K, 0.20%Ca, 0.25%Mg, 0.25%S, 10mg.kg-1B, 5mg.kg-1Cu,
15mg.kg-1Fe, 15mg.kg-1Mn and 15mg.kg-1Zn. The
comparison showed that virtually all the nutrients analyzed for had
concentrations below the critical levels for maize implying that, the
cultivation of maize in these areas will require fertilizer application.
Keywords:
Plant essential minerals, critical level,
maize, soils
THE REACTION OF INOSITOL HEXAPHOSPHATE WITH HUMAN
METHEMOGLOBINS A AND S
J.T. Bamgbose1 G.B. Ogunmola2 and A.A. Demehin2
1.Chemistry Department, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,
Nigeria
2.Chemistry Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
(Received: 18th June, 2008;
Accepted: 2nd February, 2009)
Abstract
To correlate reactivity with conformational changes, the reduction in sulfhydryl reactivity rate was employed in this study to
determine the binding constants of inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) to human
methemoglobins A and S at the surface of the molecules while changing the
complex at the heme-iron. Our
study was carried out in the pH range of 6.0 – 8.0 at three different
temperatures (15OC 20OC and 25OC).
The binding of 1HP methemoglobins A and S and
their azide derivatives diminishes the 2,
2-dithiobispyridine (2-DTP).
Differences in reactivity of the methemoglobins A and
S with 2-DTP in the presence and absence of 1HP was observed. These differences in reactivity are
explained not only on the basis of a single mutation at the A3 (6) β position in
the two haemoglobin molecules but also in terms of
other physical properties.
Our result shows that in the absence of 1HP, the CysF9 (93) β sulfhydryl group of aquomethemoglobin
A and S are more reactive with 2-DTP than their corresponding azidometHb derivatives.
There was also a progressive decrease in the binding of 1HP to all the methemoglobin types with increasing pH. Changes in the pH and consequently
ionization of charged groups on the methemoglobin
molecules produce different conformational changes in these molecules, resulting
in changes in the structures at the 1HP binding site and in the vicinity of the
β93
sulfhydryl residue of the aquo
and azido methemoglobins.
The dissociation constant obtained in this study ranged from 82 x 10-6
±2.90 to 167 x 10-6 ±5.80M for aquomet HbA and 43 x 10-6 ±1.07 to 137 x 10-6
±12.31 for Aquomet HbS. The corresponding values for azidomet HbA and HbS were much higher than these values.
Keywords: Methemoglobin,
Conformation, Sulfhydryl,
Allosteric effectors, heme-iron
STUDIES IN THE PREPARATION
AND CHARACTERIZATION OF EPOXIDISED FLUTED
PUMPKIN SEED OIL
E.U. Ikhuoriaa,
I.O. Bakareb and R.O.
Ihemea
a
Department of Chemistry, University
of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
bRubber Research Institute of Nigeria, P. M. B 1049, Benin City 300001, Nigeria
(Received: 8th August, 2008;
Accepted: 3rd February, 2009)
Abstract
Epoxidised fluted
pumpkin, Telfairia occidentalis seed
oil was prepared by treating the oil with performic
acid generated in situ by reacting formic acid with hydrogen peroxide. The physico-chemical and instrumental characterization of fluted
pumpkin seed oil (FPSO) has been carried out for the purpose of its utilization
and development of value-added industrially useful raw material. Properties like
color, specific gravity, % free fatty acid, acid value, saponification value and iodine value were determined. FT-IR
and 1H NMR analyses confirm that FPSO is mainly triglyceride of
saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Similar functional groups such as
carbonyl, olefinic unstaturation,
esters, glyceryl, methylene
and terminal methyl present in vegetable oils are also present in FPSO. The epoxidised product was characterized for its structure and
properties. The findings of this study revealed that
epoxidized
oil with high epoxide content can be prepared using FPSO.
Keywords:
Epoxidation,
fluted pumpkin seed
oil, renewable resources.
Homepage
BIOACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN
Periophthalmus papillio AND Tympanotonus fuscatus
FROM
THE MANGROVE SWAMPS OF AN OILFIELD IN THE NIGER DELTA
I.C. Howard1*, U.U. Gabriel (Snr)2
and J.O. Nduka3
1 Department of
Chemistry/Biochemistry Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, Owerri. Imo State, Nigeria
2Department of Fisheries and
Aquatic Environment, Rivers State University of Science and
Technology Port Harcourt.
Rivers State Nigeria
3Rivers State Ministry of
Environment, Podium Block, Secretariat Complex Port Harcourt
(Received: 3rd
November, 2008; Accepted: 10th February, 2009)
Abstract
The edible parts of Periophthalmus papillio
(finfish) and
Tympanotonus fuscatus
(shellfish) inhabiting the mangrove swamps of Bukuma oilfield and the sediments thereof in the Niger Delta
area, were analysed for Zn, Pb,
Cd, Cu and Ni by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometeric method. The mean levels (mg/g
dry wt.) in the finfish ranged from Zn: 3.0
±1.5; Pb: 0.24±0.15; Cd: 0.04±0.02;
Cu 0.14±0.08
to Ni: 0.11±0.09;
that of the shellfish are – Zn: 2.52±0.9;
Pb: 0.34±0.12;
Cd: 0.04±
0.02; Cu: 0.51±0.2
and Ni: 0.16±0.08
while that of the sediment are Zn: 1.70
± 0.13; Pb: 0.245±0.01; Cd: 0.092±0.02;
Cu: 0.210±0.02,
and Ni: 0.187±0.02.
Apart from Cu that varied distinctly (P<0.05) between both tissues (T.
fuscatus > P.
papillio), all other metals do not; though they
accumulated more in the periwinkle tissues implying that T.
fuscatus is a better biomonitor than P.
papillio. The various significant correlation coefficients of the metal
pairs - Cu-Pb, Cd-Pb, Cu - Cd and Cu - Zn in the
finfish and shellfish implies that the uptake mechanism for these metals may be
the same in both organisms. Generally elevated metal levels in both organisms
were recorded at the stations with wellheads, implicating oil-related activities
as the main source of contamination. Although the levels of heavy metals in the
edible parts of P. papillio and T. fuscatus may not pose any health risk to consumers, as they
were lower than WHO recommended levels in finfish for human consumption, there
is need to check further contamination of the environment so as not to endanger
the health of the populace that heavily depend on these species as sources of
protein.
Keywords: Mangrove swamp, oilfield, Periophthalmus pappillio, Tympanotonus fuscatus
var. radula Niger Delta
LOCAL SOURCING OF NON –
WOOD PULP PLANTS FOR PAPER – MAKING
H.O. Chibudike and J.S. Udohitinah
Chemical and Fibre Technology Division, Federal Institute of Industrial
Research Oshodi (F.I.I.R.O.), Lagos, Nigeria
(Received: 2nd
September, 2008; Accepted: 25th February, 2009)
Abstract
The anatomic properties of some non-wood plants and
their suitability in the production of high quality pulp and paper materials
were investigated.Sample preparation of each non-wood plant
specie was conducted in accordance with Standard methods. The
moisture content, lignin, extractives, alpha cellulose, and
ash content, fiber dimensions, and determination of cross and Bevan Cellulose
were investigated. Pulping operation was subsequently carried out which resulted
in the production of pulp and paper samples. Yields were exceptionally high,
with good strength properties. The results observed for burst factor and tear
index revealed that palm leaf, elephant grass, jute cardis
stem and corn stalk, can furnish pulp and paper materials with remarkable
strength properties.
Tensile and burst strength increased with degree of
fibrillation and with the time of beating , up to a
certain point, and then decreased, sharply at first ,and then very gradually
until it becomes constant.The results obtained from research
investigation conducted affirms that some non – wood plants offer
considerable potentials in the production of good quality pulp and paper
materials.
Keywords: Cellulose–fibre,
Non-wood plant, Kraft, ligno–cellulose
.
SORPTION OF Ni2+
and Co2+ IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY RUBBER SEED COAT
J.M. Okuo*,
A.P. Oviawe, and O.S. Atasie
Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City.
(Received: 7th
September, 2008; Accepted: 25th February, 2009)
Abstract
The removal of heavy metal ions Ni^ and Co24"
from aqueous solution using milled rubber seed (Hevea
brasiliensis) coat as adsorbent under different
experimental conditions was investigated in this study. The effect of initial
concentrations of the heavy metal ion solutions, pH, temperature and adsorbent
dose were also studied. It was observed that the rubber seed coat removed more
of Ni2+ ion than Co2+ ion in all the adsorption
experiments. Optimum removal of the metals occurred at pH 2 and at temperature
20oC. The removal of metal ions from aqueous solution by rubber seed
coat fitted into the Langmuir isotherm.
DETERMINATION OF PULP, PAPER, AND BOARD-MAKING
POTENTIALS OF
Rhizophora
racemosa (RED MANGROVE)
H.O. Chibudike and J.S.
Udohitinah
Chemical and Fibre Technology Division, Federal Institute of Industrial
Research, Oshodi (F.I.I.R.O.), Lagos, Nigeria.
(Received: 2nd
September, 2008; Accepted: 25th February, 2009)
Abstract
Physico-chemical analyses were carried out on Rhizophora racemosa to determine
its moisture content, acid-insoluble lignin, extractives. Ash
and the value of Cross and Bevan Cellulose. Subsequently, fibre extraction analysis was conducted using a mixture of
Ethanol and Hydrogen peroxide. To ascertain its anatomic properties both wood of
Juvenile tree and matured tree were experimentally investigated and compared to
determine when maximum fibre characteristics are
attained in the wood. The mean fibre length obtained
was 1.569mm and this could be passed for a medium length. Temperature
coefficient of delignification was determined to be approximately 2.0,
indicating that an increase in cooking temperature of 10% results in a doubling
of the rate of lignin removal.The resulting pulp yield
from the cooking operation averaged 46.21%. The pulp had a very good feel,
though poor colour, but had a rapid tendency to felt,
thereby making drainage and consequent paper making time long. The slurry of
very high consistency was formed, and excellent fiber boards were produced using
some adhesives. Paper samples produced from this pulp showed good burst
strength, opacity and smoothness. The samples produced
illustrates the great potentials to which these fibres
normally ignored in Nigeria could be put to economic use.
Keywords: Rhizophora
racemosa, pulp & paper-making, board - making, and
oven - dry basis
NATURALLY OCCURRING MINOR ELEMENTS CLUSTER IN COALS
FROM BERWICK ON TWEED, ENGLAND
G.O. Asuen1* and
O.I. Imasuen2
1Department of Geology. University
of Benin. Benin City. Nigeria
2Earth Science Department, Kogi State University, Anyigba,
Nigeria
(Received: 10th
December, 2008; Accepted: 26th February, 2009)
Abstract
Berwick coals were subjected to
geochcmieal characterization and evaluation in attempt to search for the
possible natural occurrences of minor elements association. Although the coals
distinct features are remarkably related to the source material input, the
twenty-five (25) coal samples assessed appear to demonstrate a satisfactory
evidence for element-clusters in coal. The appraisal for these coals with
correlation coefficient data, principal component and factor analyses confirm
the occurrence of Zn, Ni, Be, Sr,
Nb and Mo as organometallic
complexes. While the Cu, Co, Cr and V are suggestive of a mixed source. The
occurrence and enrichment of the minor elements Rb and
U are suggestive of the authigenic inorganics.
Keywords:- British Coals, Minor Elements, Natural
Cluster
Homepage
THE USE OF NATURAL PROTEINEOUS MATERIAL
AS FILLER IN FLEXIBLE POLYETHER FOAM
T.U. Onuegbu, I.O.C. Ekejiuba, P.N. Ekemezie and C.C. Ogbonna
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
(Received: 6th January, 2009; Accepted: 6th March, 2009)
Abstract
Flexible polyether foam samples were produced by
incorporating varying loads of powdered cattle bone (femur) as filler in the
foam recipes. Physico-mechanical properties of the
samples tested showed variations in the properties such as density, compression
set, elongation-at-break, flammability and porosity. The results of the Fourier
Transform Infrared analysis indicated variations in the intensities of vibration
bands of functional groups present in the filled foam as compared with the
unfilled foam.
Keywords:
Proteineous, Filler, Flexible, Foam
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF Enterolobium cyclocarpum SEED AND THE OIL EXTRACT
O.M. Folarin and
I.C. Igbon
Chemistry Department, University of Agriculture,
Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria
(Received: 20th December, 2008; Accepted: 6th March, 2009)
Abstract
Proximate
analysis of the seed of Enterolobium cyclocarpum was investigated in this study. Elemental concentrations as well as the physico-chemical characteristics of the oil extract were
also investigated using standard methods. The result of the proximate analysis
showed that the seed contained 2.53% oil, 10.87% moisture, 1.15% crude fibre, 30.18% crude protein, 4.71% ash and 50.56%
carbohydrate. The results of the mineral elements concentration showed potassium
as the predominant element (502mg100g-1) while zinc has the least
concentration (0.28mg100g-1). These mineral elements are also present
in the seed oil but in trace amounts. The physico-chemical
characteristics of the seed oil are: iodine value: 71 gI2100g-1;
saponification value: 197 mgKOHg-1;
peroxide value: 6meqkg-1; acid value: 5.6 mgKOHg-1 and
free fatty acid value of 1.8%. Gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid
profile of the seed oil revealed that it is a polysaturate
with total polysaturated fatty acid of about 95%. It
contained 10 fatty acids, lauric and myristic being the dominant acids with percentage
concentrations of 46% and 43% respectively.
Keywords: Enterolobium cyclocarpum, proximate analysis, seed
oil, mineral elements
ADSORPTION OF
INDIGO BLUE DYE AND SOME TOXIC METALS BY ACTIVATED CARBONS FROM COCONUT SHELLS
C.E. Gimba*1,
Muyiwa Turoti2 , P.A. Egwaikhide3 and E.E. Akporhonor4
1Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
2Department of Chemistry,
Federal College of Education, Zaria, Nigeria.
3Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Biomaterials Research, University of Benin, Nigeria
4Department of Chemistry,
Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
Abstract
At the activation temperature of 8000C,
activated carbons of different particle sizes were produced from carbonized
carbon that was previously obtained from coconut shells at carbonization
temperature of 5000C. The
activating salts were anhydrous FeCl3, ZnCl2, CaCl2
and K2CO3 at varying concentrations. Samples of a textile effluent containing
indigo blue dye were used and the levels of dye adsorption were determined by colorimetry. Amongst the activated carbons the results
showed that the particle size of 250mm of ZnCl2 –
activated carbon was most effective adsorbing the dye up to 98%.
The adsorption of lead (II), cadmium (II) and mercury
(II) by the activated carbons was determined using atomic absorption
spectrometry (AAS). The results show
that the FeCl3 – activated carbon was most effective in adsorbing 70%
Pb while the K2CO3 – activated carbon was most
effective in adsorbing 81 and 83% of Cd and Hg respectively.
Keywords: Adsorption, Activated Carbon, Indigo blue
dye, colorimetry, atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS)
HEAVY METAL DISTRIBUTION AND
BIOAVAILABILITY IN SOILS AND CASSAVA (Manihot
esculenta GRANTZ) ALONG WARRI-ABRAKA EXPRESSWAY,
DELTA STATE, NIGERIA
S.A.
Osakwe
Department of Chemistry,
Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
(Received: 20th
October, 2008; Accepted: 10th March, 2009)
Abstract
The levels of Fe, Pb, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd and Ni in soils and cassava (Manihot
esculenta grantz} tubers and
leaves along Warri-Abraka expressway weredetermined to assess the impact of automobile emissions
on the farmlands. Cu, Cr, Cd and Ni were not within detection
limit of the instrument used. The heavy meta!s concentrations in all the samples were in the order
of accumulation in the soil > cassava leaves > cassava tubers. For all the
samples studied concentrations of the metals were distinctly higher than the
levels observed in the control site indicating heavy metal enrichment on the
soils, cassava tubers and leaves as a result of automobile emissions along the
highway. The heavy metals transfer ratios in the plants indicate that the uptake
of each metal was generally higher in the leaves than in the tubers. The
relatively high transfer ratios obtained show the potential of the crops to
bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil and deploy
the metals to their edible parts. Results from the present study do not indicate
any serious pollution or contamination risk. However with these relatively high
transfer ratios of the metals, the gradual accumulation of the metals in the
soils and cassava tubers and leaves overtime, will result to a greater tendency
for the heavy metals bioaccumulation which may lead to metal toxicity.
Keywords: Heavy metal, bioaccumulation, cassava and
automobile emission.
EFFECT OF STOVE APERTURE
SIZES ON COMBUSTION AERODYNAMICS FOR EFFICIENT FUEL UTILIZATION
A.C. Etonihu1*and
I.O. Akpabio2
1Department of Chemistry, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B 1022,
Keffi,
Nasarawa State, Nigeria
2Chemistry Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, P.M.B
0248, Bauchi, Bauchi State,
Nigeria
(Received: 2nd
February, 2008; Accepted: 12th March, 2009)
Abstract
In Africa, the utilization of wood fuels through
traditional technologies that include stoves, ovens, and kilns are poor in
combustion aerodynamics and low in efficiency. Stoves of different aperture
sizes were constructed using cast iron to simulate the various designs common in
Nigerian markets. 0.2 kg briquette of sawdust and rice husk was loaded into the
stoves, and their combustion aerodynamics efficiency was determined using both
the boiling test and constant heating methods. The time taken to boil 2 liters
of water varied significantly among the different aperture sizes of uniform
stoves from 26 to 12 minutes (for sawdust) and 29 to 13 minutes (for rice husk)
briquettes, when aperture size was increased from 5 to 15 mm. With sawdust
briquettes, efficiencies increased from 26.20 to 35.60% (for boiling test) and
7.58 to 8.89% (for constant heating method), as stove aperture size increased.
Similarly for rice husk briquettes, efficiency increased from 26.02 to 34.55%
(for boiling test) and from 8.15 to 9.32% (for constant heating). Beside
aperture size, there was no significant change in the efficiencies between the
square-shape stove C and the round-shape stove D for the same fuel type.
Keywords: Aperture size, combustion aerodynamics,
efficiency, fuel, stoves.
GEOCHEMICAL
CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC MATTER AFFINITY IN A FRESH WATER HARVEY-BEAUMONT
COALS FROM NORTHUMBERLAND, ENGLAND
G.O. Asuen*
and O.A. Ilegieuno
Dept. of Geology, University
of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
Abstract
Thirty (30) selected coals samples across
Northumberland coalfield were subjected to X-ray fluorescence and Atomic
absorption spectrophotometer analytical techniques with the view to determining
some minor elements occurrence and concentration in relation to the organic
components of coal. These outcrop samples represent the entire Harvey-Beaumont
coal seam.
Geochemical features of these coals confirm the
occurrence and association of Cu, Ni, Co, V, Be, and Mo, controlled by organic
mineralization supposedly in the diagenetic phase. Whereas the significant elements namely Zn, Pb,
U and Sr occurring as chalcophiles
as toxic metals inhibit mutual co-existence of coal forming plants and so
traceable exclusively to the Epigenetic mineralization (extrinsic input).
The presence of the minor elements V and Y that are positively loaded with each
other in the same component could be partly accounted for as hydrolysate components because of their free substitution
possible in the clay lattices
Keywords: Geochemical characters, organic matter
affinity, coals.
Homepage